{"id":196230,"title":"P\u016fvod sushi","modified":"2026-10-31T16:51:25+01:00","plain":"Neexistuje \u0161patn\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak j\u00edst sushi\n\n\n\nA\u0165 u\u017e je m\u00e1te r\u00e1di syrov\u00e9 ve stylu sashimi (i kdy\u017e sashimi nen\u00ed sushi), sma\u017een\u00e9, jako maki nebo nakr\u00e1jen\u00e9 v misce ve stylu poke, na konzumaci syrov\u00fdch ryb se v na\u0161ich kon\u010din\u00e1ch u\u017e nikdo ned\u00edv\u00e1 skrz prsty \u2013 a sushi u\u017e n\u011bkdy v \u017eivot\u011b ochutnal skoro ka\u017ed\u00fd.A\u0165 u\u017e si k n\u011bmu d\u00e1te sklenku sak\u00e9, koktejl, sklenku v\u00edna nebo jak\u00fdkoli jin\u00fd n\u00e1poj, sushi nab\u00edz\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00fd a lahodn\u00fd kulin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek, kter\u00fd se nepodob\u00e1 ni\u010demu jin\u00e9mu v asijsk\u00e9 kuchyni. Studen\u00e1, pevn\u00e1 ryba v kombinaci s dokonale ochucenou r\u00fd\u017e\u00ed, om\u00e1\u010dkou a dal\u0161\u00edmi surovinami vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed opravdu jedine\u010dnou a lahodnou chu\u0165.\n\n\n\nSushi se b\u011bhem minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed rychle za\u0159adilo mezi nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pokrmy na sv\u011bt\u011b a a\u0165 u\u017e jste kdekoli, sushi restauraci najdete snadno. Jednou jsem jedl sushi v San Mart\u00edn de los Andes, m\u011bst\u011b hluboko v argentinsk\u00fdch And\u00e1ch. (Nesu\u010fte m\u011b pros\u00edm, m\u011bl jsem na n\u011bj opravdu chu\u0165.)\n\n\n\nJak si ale tento lahodn\u00fd pokrm podmanil sv\u011bt? Byla p\u0159edstava poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed syrov\u00fdch ryb mezi lidmi v\u017edy p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na? (Spoiler: ne.) Kdo stoj\u00ed za obrovskou oblibou sushi?\n\n\n\nOdpov\u011bdi na v\u0161echny tyto ot\u00e1zky (a je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bco nav\u00edc) najdete v tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Nejprve v\u00e1m stru\u010dn\u011b p\u0159edstav\u00edm historii sushi ve sv\u011bt\u011b a vysv\u011btl\u00edm, pro\u010d je dnes tak obl\u00edben\u00e9. \n\n\n\nP\u016fvod sushi\n\n\n\nKo\u0159eny sushi sahaj\u00ed tis\u00edce let zp\u00e1tky, do asijsk\u00fdch r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fdch pol\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno do \u010c\u00edny. Mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u00e1s to p\u0159ekvap\u00ed, proto\u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee sushi vzniklo v Japonsku. Tak tomu ale nen\u00ed. \n\n\n\nP\u0159esto\u017ee je Japonsko bezpochyby sv\u011btovou metropol\u00ed sushi \u2013 a pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky n\u011bmu si sushi podmanilo sv\u011bt \u2013 jeho p\u016fvod sah\u00e1 k \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9mu pokrmu zvan\u00e9mu narezushi.Tento pokrm se skl\u00e1dal z fermentovan\u00e9 r\u00fd\u017ee a solen\u00e9 ryby (tak\u017ee p\u0159esta\u0148te soudit ty, kte\u0159\u00ed do n\u011bj d\u00e1vaj\u00ed uzen\u00e9ho lososa).  Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00e9 zm\u00ednky o tomto pokrmu poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 2. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. \u2013 p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed tedy lednic\u00edm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o 2 000 let.\n\n\n\nZ tohoto d\u016fvodu bylo narezushi ve skute\u010dnosti velmi praktick\u00fdm pokrmem:  R\u00fd\u017ee se nech\u00e1vala fermentovat, aby vydr\u017eela, a ryba se siln\u011b solila, aby se zabr\u00e1nilo mno\u017een\u00ed bakteri\u00ed a mikroorganism\u016f \u2013 z\u016fstala tak d\u00e9le \"\u010derstv\u00e1\", i kdy\u017e byla skladov\u00e1na bez jak\u00e9hokoli chlazen\u00ed. Mal\u00e1 zaj\u00edmavost: p\u0159i konzumaci ryby se r\u00fd\u017ee obvykle vyhazovala. Slou\u017eila pouze k zabalen\u00ed a konzervaci ryby.Pokrm se pak v 8. stolet\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il z \u010c\u00edny do Japonska. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednka o \"sushi\" se objevila v z\u00e1kon\u00edku J\u00f3r\u00f3, sepsan\u00e9m v roce 718.\n\n\n\nV n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch stalet\u00edch se pokrm za\u010dal pomalu m\u011bnit. Japonci za\u010dali j\u00edst t\u0159ikr\u00e1t denn\u011b, va\u0159it r\u00fd\u017ei a pou\u017e\u00edvat r\u00fd\u017eov\u00fd ocet, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1hal urychlit jej\u00ed fermentaci. Z\u00e1pach konzervovan\u00e9 ryby byl velmi siln\u00fd, ale rychlej\u0161\u00ed fermentace umo\u017enila zkr\u00e1tit dobu pot\u0159ebnou k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b japonsk\u00e9ho sushi.\n\n\n\nV polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed se sushi roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo do Eda, kde byly otev\u0159eny t\u0159i slavn\u00e9 sushi restaurace \u2013 Matsunozushi, Kenukizushi a Yoheizushi. Na konci 18. stolet\u00ed je n\u00e1sledovaly tis\u00edce dal\u0161\u00edch. Jeden spisovatel v roce 1852 uvedl, \u017ee na ka\u017ed\u00fdch 100 metr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch v Edu p\u0159ipadaly 1 a\u017e 2 sushi restaurace!Toto sushi ov\u0161em nebylo \u00fapln\u011b stejn\u00e9 jako to, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me dnes. \u010casto se tepeln\u011b upravovalo \u2013 kv\u016fli chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmu chlazen\u00ed \u2013 a pod\u00e1valo se ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch kusech (vlastn\u011b m\u00e1m k p\u016fvodn\u00ed verzi docela bl\u00edzko, kdy\u017e vid\u00edm, jak tlust\u00e9 kousky d\u011bl\u00e1m, hahaha). \n\n\n\nPokud chceme vysledovat historii sushi takov\u00e9ho, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me dnes, mus\u00edme se zam\u011b\u0159it na kucha\u0159e jm\u00e9nem Hanaya Yohei, kter\u00fd sv\u011bt sushi nav\u017edy zm\u011bnil.\n\n\n\nZjistil toti\u017e, \u017ee m\u00edsto pouh\u00e9ho vyhozen\u00ed r\u00fd\u017ee ji lze sm\u00edchat s trochou octa a navrch polo\u017eit mal\u00fd kousek ryby. Vznikla tak velmi chutn\u00e1 jednohubka, lahodn\u00e1, snadno p\u0159enosn\u00e1 a cenov\u011b dostupn\u00e1 pro \u0161irok\u00e9 vrstvy. Tak se zrodilo nigiri \u2013 a v Japonsku za\u010dala historie sushi, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me na Z\u00e1pad\u011b. Kr\u00e1tce nato se tento pokrm za\u010dal k na\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e9 radosti \u0161\u00ed\u0159it do cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.\n\n\n\nSushi v z\u00e1padn\u00ed kultu\u0159e \n\n\n\nSushi se na Z\u00e1pad dostalo na po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed d\u00edky japonsk\u00e9mu p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f po reform\u00e1ch Meid\u017ei. S v\u00fdjimkou z\u00e1mo\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vrstev v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obl\u00edben\u00e9 nebylo. Nav\u00edc s poklesem japonsk\u00e9ho p\u0159ist\u011bhovalectv\u00ed na konci prvn\u00edho desetilet\u00ed 20. stolet\u00ed se v japonsk\u00fdch restaurac\u00edch objevovalo mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto.\n\n\n\nSushi se v USA za\u010dalo znovu \u010dast\u011bji objevovat n\u011bkolik let po skon\u010den\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy se Japonsko op\u011bt otev\u0159elo mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu obchodu, cestovn\u00edmu ruchu a podnik\u00e1n\u00ed. V 60. letech se tento trend za\u010dal v Americe v\u00fdrazn\u011b prosazovat a sushi za\u010dali ochutn\u00e1vat i Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 ze st\u0159edn\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy\u2026 a obl\u00edbili si ho. Hodn\u011b.\n\n\n\nStejn\u011b jako u v\u0161ech j\u00eddel se hodn\u011b diskutuje o tom, kdo sushi zavedl do z\u00e1padn\u00edch restaurac\u00ed, a s jistotou to opravdu ur\u010dit nelze\u2026Mnoh\u00e9 zdroje nicm\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto p\u0159ipisuj\u00ed z\u00e1sluhy restauraci Kawafuku v Los Angeles, proto\u017ee pat\u0159ila k prvn\u00edm restaurac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 sushi nab\u00edzely, tak tedy budi\u017e. Trvalo n\u011bjakou dobu, ne\u017e se p\u0159edstava konzumace syrov\u00fdch ryb roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila a byla p\u0159ijata, proto\u017ee byla opravdu v rozporu s na\u0161imi b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi stravovac\u00edmi zvyklostmi\u2026 P\u0159esto se na konci 60. let sushi definitivn\u011b stalo m\u00f3dn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed a sushi restaurace se otev\u00edraly po cel\u00e9 zemi.\n\n\n\nEfekt California roll\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAby Ameri\u010dan\u016fm (jsme to ale konzervy) pomohly zvyknout si na p\u0159edstavu poj\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed sushi, za\u010daly mnoh\u00e9 restaurace experimentovat s nov\u00fdmi kombinacemi chut\u00ed a sushi rolkami. Jednou z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch rolek mezi Ameri\u010dany se stala dnes v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 California Roll, co\u017e je obr\u00e1cen\u00e1 rolka \"makizushi\" s okurkou, krab\u00edm masem (nebo \u010dast\u011bji jeho napodobeninou zvanou \"surimi\") a avok\u00e1dem s b\u00edlou r\u00fd\u017e\u00ed.\n\n\n\nTato kombinace chut\u00ed si z\u00e1kazn\u00edky okam\u017eit\u011b z\u00edskala. Nav\u00edc d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee krab\u00ed maso v rolce bylo tepeln\u011b upraven\u00e9, nemuseli lid\u00e9 p\u0159ekon\u00e1vat nechu\u0165 k syrov\u00fdm ryb\u00e1m. Jakmile si na tuto p\u0159edstavu zvykli, mohli roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it sv\u016fj v\u00fdb\u011br o tradi\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sashimi a nigiri. Mimochodem, na obchodn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch se tento koncept vyu\u010duje pod n\u00e1zvem \"efekt California roll\". \n\n\n\nP\u00e1r slov na z\u00e1v\u011br\n\n\n\nA taaak se sushi restaurace jen tak staly celon\u00e1rodn\u00edm fenom\u00e9nem a kr\u00e1tce nato, s roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm do Evropy, i mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u010di celosv\u011btov\u00fdm. Mal\u00fd tip: sledujte, co pr\u00e1v\u011b fr\u010d\u00ed v USA, a zaru\u010duji v\u00e1m, \u017ee b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch 5 let to doraz\u00ed do Evropy. Se sushi to bylo stejn\u00e9 a stejn\u011b to bude (douf\u00e1m) i s KFC se s\u00fdrovou p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed. Brzy p\u0159ijdou California rolls s cr\u00e8me fra\u00eeche s jahodovou p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed, to v\u0161e posypan\u00e9 furikake\n\n\n\nDouf\u00e1m, \u017ee se v\u00e1m tento \"mal\u00fd\" informativn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek o sushi l\u00edbil. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1m mal\u00fd, proto\u017ee jsem mohl podrobn\u011bji rozebrat jeho p\u0159\u00edchod do Evropy nebo jednotliv\u00e9 druhy, ale rad\u011bji jsem se omezil na \"sushi, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me\". R\u00fd\u017ei na sushi koup\u00edte zde\n\n\n\nBl\u00edzk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm sushi je temaki, v\u0161e se o n\u011bm dozv\u00edte zde","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196230","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=196230"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/196230\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1050"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=196230"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=196230"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/marcwiner.com\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=196230"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}